How to construct Air Defense Radar System to save the people’s
lives
www.iqytechnicalcollege.com/radar.htm
https://www.facebook.com/100016695581449/videos/1498745648193225/
လေကြောင်းရန် ကာကွယ်ရေး ရေဒါ တည်ဆောက်မူ အကြောင်း ဒီညနေပြောမယ်။
စာအုပ်နဲ့ဗီဒီယိုတွေတင်ထားတဲ့လင့်
http://www.iqytechnicalcollege.com/radar.htm
ပြောမဲ့ပရိုဖိုင်းလင့်
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Lesson 9 September 2024
www.iqytechnicalcollege.com/Radar
Fundamental.pdf
Principle
of Radar
Air Defence Radar
Skynex – Networked air defence |
Rheinmetall
https://www.rheinmetall.com/en/products/air-defence/air-defence-systems/networked-air-defence-skynex
Method
Passive Radar
Build
your own passive radar system
http://www.filefactory.com/file/6qnayi3qxcmo/Build%20your%20own%20Passive%20Radar%20System.pdf
Passive radar refers to a sensor that utilizes existing signals, known as Illuminators of Opportunity (IoO), instead of its own transmitter to detect objects in a scene.
http://www.filefactory.com/file/15w0jf2bi1jy/An%20Introduction%20to%20Passive%20Radar.pdf
Video
Book
Passive
Radar Construction Method
http://www.filefactory.com/file/26142xhxr7by/Passive%20Radar%20Construction%20Method.pdf
Passive
Radar Technique
http://www.filefactory.com/file/129o4p7spbba/Passive%20Radar%20Technique.pdf
Equipment
https://daronmont.com.au/products/passive-radar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/10yzdg8wy28o/Dramont%20Passive%20Radar.pdf
Active Radar
Equipment
>1km
<10km Arduino & Evaluation Boards (rfsolutions.co.uk)
https://www.rfsolutions.co.uk/accessories-c306/arduino-evaluation-boards-c309/1km-10km-t309
Evaluation Boards
http://www.filefactory.com/file/29nn1p5r0hrs/5%20to%2010%20Km%20Arduino%20Evaluation%20Boards.pdf
Software
https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
Previous IDE
Releases | Arduino
https://www.arduino.cc/en/software/OldSoftwareReleases
Arduino 1.8.16
http://www.filefactory.com/file/2mfjr6rmjqbq/Arduino%20Radar%20Equipment.pdf
http://www.filefactory.com/file/6hdmjzdlb0zu/Arduino%20Software.pdf
http://www.filefactory.com/file/40tctjx6oj1g/arduino-1.8.16-windows.exe
http://www.filefactory.com/file/3knxg82lydp4/arduino-1.8.16-windows.zip
Textbooks
Radar
Principle
http://www.filefactory.com/file/646mie5pynua/mcgraw_hill_-_radar_design_principles.pdf
Radar
System
http://www.filefactory.com/file/11rdeys2nhmu/radar%20systems%20%28%20PDFDrive%20%29.pdf
Radar
Engineering
Electronic
Warfare 1
Electronic
Warfare Radar System Engineering
First
course in Electronic Warfare
Second
course in Electronic Warfare
How to construct Radar yourself Youtube Videos
Drone
Tracking
Radar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKq-jlRHL8o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvLObGL-5ZY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igrN_wd_g74
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYNxsM-aoQE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dhp21FxttWM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj9Lin3XQzE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igrN_wd_g74
Build
Your Own Radar System - TIB AV-Portal
Radar is used extensively by the military, police, weather, air travel, and maritime industries - why not you? Come learn how to build a radar imaging system on the cheap! This talk will explain the basics of how radar works as well as how to measure range and velocity of your chosen targets. You will learn how to use synthetic aperture techniques to generate a two- or even three-dimensional image. The hardware and software design will be totally opened up so you can go home and build your own system. The talk will try to run through the basics pretty fast, so some knowledge of electronics or basic physics might help, but is not required! Regardless of your background, you will see the capabilities of a modern home-built radar system and hopefully get some ideas for your own uses. Michael Scarito is a multidisciplinary hacker masquerading as an electrical engineer. Interests include physical and cyber security, surveillance systems, innovative uses for radio frequency electronics, and projects which incorporate all of the above.
Download Link
How to construct Radar yourself Videos
Download Links
http://www.filefactory.com/file/uvtkf681zmk/How%20To%20Make%20a%20Radar%20At%20Home%20Using%20Arduino%20%20%20_%20Arduino%20Project%20Easy%20%26amp%3B%20Simple%20_.mp4
http://www.filefactory.com/file/7j0639s8qiai/How%20to%20make%20a%20radar%20at%20home.mp4
PREDICTION OF RADAR RANGE*
The radar range equation is important not only for predicting the range performance of a radar, but to act as a focus for radar design and for better understanding the factors that affect radar performance. The simple form of the radar range equation is
(Eq. 1a)Pr=PtGAeσ/[(4π)2R4]
where
Pr = received echo signal power in watts,
Pt = transmitted signal power in watts,
G = antenna gain,
Ae = antenna effective area in square meters,
σ = radar cross section of the target in square meters,
R = range to the target in meters.
If a single antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving, as is usually the case, G = 4πAe/λ 2, where λ is the radar wavelength in meters. Then
(Eq. lb)Pr=PtG2λ2σ/[(4π)3R4]=PtAe 2σ/[4πλ2R4]
The maximum range Rmax of a radar occurs when the received signal Pr = Smin, the minimum detectable signal. The minimum detectable signal is a statistical quantity limited by receiver noise. It can be written as
(Eq. 2)Smin=kT0BFn(S/N)1
where
k = Boltzmann's constant,
T0 = standard temperature (290 K),
kT0 = 4 × 10−21 W/Hz
B = receiver bandwidth in hertz,
Fn = receiver noise figure,
(S/N)1 = minimum signal-to-noise ratio required for reliable detection.
The received echo signal power can be increased by integrating (adding) a number of echo signal pulses n. This can be incorporated into the radar equation by dividing Smin by nEi(n), where Ei(n) is the efficiency with which the n pulses can be integrated. Since the average power Pav is more indicative of radar capability than is the peak power, it is introduced via the relation
(Eq. 3)Pav=Ptτfp
where
τ = pulse width in seconds,
fp = pulse repetition frequency in hertz.
With the above, the form of the radar equation suitable for calculating the range is
(Eq. 4)Rmax=[PavG2λ2σnEi(n)(4π)3kT0Fn(Bτ)fp(S/N)1Ls]1/4
The radar system losses Ls (number greater than one) have been included. For most radars designed with a matched filter receiver (a filter that maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio), the product Bτ ≈ 1. [In Eq. 4, (S/N) 1/nEi(n) is the required signal-to-noise ratio per pulse (S/N)n.]
Fig. 2 shows the relationship of the required signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)1 to the probability of detection and the probability of false alarm. The probability of detection is usually taken as 0.90, but sometimes it is quoted as 0.5 or 0.8. Its choice is usually the prerogative of the customer. The probability of a false alarm is given here as
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Fig. 2. Probability of detection for a sine wave in noise as a function of the signal-to-noise (power) ratio and the probability of false alarm.
(Courtesy McGraw-Hill Book Co.)
Pfa=1/BTfa
where
B = receiver bandwidth in hertz,
Tfa = average time between false alarms.
The reciprocal of Pfa is nf, the false-alarm number. The false-alarm time Tfa is usually specified for radar performance rather than the probability of false alarm or the false-alarm number.
Fig. 3 is a plot of the integration-improvement factor nEi(n) as a function of n. The number of pulses returned from a target when an antenna of beamwidth θB degrees rotates at a rate of ωm revolutions per minute, with a pulse repetition rate of fp Hz is
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Fig. 3. Integration-improvement factor, assuming square-law detector, Pd = probability of detection, nf = TfaB = false alarm number, Tfa = average time between false alarms, B = bandwidth.
(Courtesy McGraw-Hill Book Co.)
(Eq. 5)n=θBfp/6ωm
Failure to include the many factors that contribute to the system losses Ls can result in considerable difference between the calculated range and the actual range. Losses include:
Loss in the transmission line connecting the antenna to the transmitter and receiver.
Loss in the duplexer, rotary joint, and other microwave components.
Beam-shape loss, to account for the fact that the radar equation employs the maximum gain rather than a gain that changes pulse to pulse as the antenna is scanned past the target.
Signal processing losses, which can sometimes be surprisingly large.
Loss due to degradation of transmitter power and receiver noise figure.
The system losses from all factors might be from 10 to 20 dB, or even greater. (A loss of 16 dB reduces the radar range by a factor of two.)
http://www.filefactory.com/file/4d9sam0bfsx4/Radar%20Signal.pdf